PSY 2000 Lifespan Development and Psychology

Lecture: Introduction

Lecture: Research Issues in Development

Outcomes

• Define Human Development
• Explain how one's genes (nature) and one's environment (nurture) interact with each other to influence development
• Explain the difference between continuous and discontinuous development and be able to give examples of both types of development
• Compare the difference between context-specific and universal development
• Explain the biopsychosocial framework
• List and describe the two purposes of developmental theories
• Describe how one moves through Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
• Discover the principles of operant conditioning, reinforcement, and punishment as they relate to behaviorism
• Explain how social learning theory differs from behaviorism
• Describe how children make sense of the world, according to Piaget
• Describe how information-processing psychologists explain developmental changes in thinking
• Describe the four levels Bronfenbrenner uses to divide the environment
• Describe the four key features of the lifespan perspective
• Recognize the importance of selection, compensation, and optimization to aging
• Explain why a researcher would choose to use a naturalistic observation and a structured observation
• Discuss why an investigator might choose to sample behavior with a task
• Describe the advantages and disadvantages of self-reports
• Explain reliability and validity
• Explain the importance of a representative sample
• Describe how correlational studies are conducted
• Explain the difference between an independent and dependent variable
• Describe the difference between an experimental and a control group in a research experiment
• Describe a longitudinal research design and its advantages and disadvantages
• Describe a cross-sectional research design and its advantages and disadvantages
• Define the cohort effect
• Describe sequential research designs
• List and describe the guidelines for ethical research
• Explain how research results are communicated and applied

Lecture: Prenatal Development

Lecture: Labor and Delivery

• Describe what happens to the red blood cells in sickle cell anemia and why these changes have negative effects
• Explain the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes
• Describe how genes and the chemical compounds adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine are related
• Contrast genotype and phenotype
• Describe different variations of genes called alleles
• Explain the difference between being homozygous and heterozygous for a particular trait
• Recognize the difference between dominant alleles, recessive alleles, and codominance
• Define behavioral genetics
• Describe polygenic inheritance
• Describe how disorders involving recessive and dominant alleles are inherited
• Describe how extra autosomes or abnormal sex chromosomes may influence development
• Describe the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins
• Describe how studying twins and adopted children can tell us about the influence of heredity and environment on development
• Describe some of the problems associated with twin and adoption studies
• Describe how one's genes and environment may interact, in cases such as those involving phenylketonuria, to influence development
• Explain what the range of reaction is and its relation to development
• Describe the three types of relations between heredity and the environment
• Explain the importance of nonshared environmental influences on development
• List and describe the three periods of prenatal development, the timing of each period, and the major developmental events associated with each period
• Describe in vitro fertilization and how reproductive technologies are related to eugenics
• Explain how maternal age can affect prenatal development
• Describe how maternal nutrition is related to prenatal development
• Explain how maternal stress affects prenatal development
• Describe the effects of thalidomide on prenatal development
• Explain the effects associated with alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy
• Describe how ingesting PCBs affects prenatal development
• List the five general principles concerning the effects of teratogens on prenatal development
• Describe how genetic counseling can help prevent some inherited disorders
• Describe the procedures used in ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling and the kind of information each provides about prenatal development
• Describe how various problems of prenatal development can be treated with administration of drugs to the fetus, fetal surgery and genetic engineering
• List and describe the events associated with the three stages of labor
• List some of the benefits associated with prepared childbirth classes
• List the benefits of giving birth at home or in a birth center
• Describe the problems associated with anoxia, prematurity, and low birth weight
• Explain the high incidence of infant mortality in the United States

Lecture: The Memory System – Part 1

Lecture: The Nervous System

Outcomes

• Describe the four functions of various reflexes in the newborn
• List the components of the Apgar scale and describe what the scale tells us about the newborn
• Describe the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale and explain what it evaluates
• List and describe the four states that are found in the newborn
• Describe the three types of cries and ways to soothe a crying baby
• Describe the pattern of REM and non-REM sleep found in the newborn
• Discuss the possible function of REM sleep in infants
• Explain the most common reason for bedtime struggles with preschool children
• Describe SIDS and the Back to Sleep campaign
• List and describe the three dimensions of temperament
• Describe the contributions of heredity and the environment to temperament
• Describe the pattern of growth that is seen in children from birth to three years of age
• Explain how heredity influences a child's height and weight
• Describe the advantages of breast feeding
• Explain what a parent can do to encourage a child to be open minded about food
• Describe the effects of malnutrition on growth in young children
• Explain why it is important to combine diet changes and parent training when treating malnutrition in children
• List and describe the parts of neurons
• Describe the development of the brain throughout prenatal development and the first few years after birth
• Describe the functions of the left and right hemispheres of the brain
• Describe the functions of the frontal lobe and how PET scans provide information about the functions of the brain
• Explain neuroplasticity
• Describe some of the important developments that lead to the ability to maintain one's balance and eventually walk
• Describe the development of fine motor skills from simple grasping in the newborn to the ability to eat with a spoon in a two-year-old
• Describe the development of handedness from about six months of age until kindergarten
• Explain how both heredity and environment influence the development of handedness
• Describe the newborn's sense of smell
• Describe the sense of taste in the newborn
• Describe the newborn's sense of touch and pain and how we infer their feelings
• Describe the infant's perception of pitch, differentiation of speech sounds, and localization of sound
• Describe the types of things that infants like to look at and explain how these preferences change with age
• Describe the development of color perception from birth to four months of age
• Describe the differences in the reactions of 1½-month-olds and 7-month-olds when they are placed on the deep side of the visual cliff
• Explain how retinal disparity, motion, and sound are used to infer depth
• Describe how infants perceive objects
• Explain a study that tells us that infants can integrate information from vision and touch
• Explain what Jeffrey Pickens's study using the videotapes of the train tells us about infants' ability to integrate vision and hearing
• Explain the mirror recognition task and what it tells us about children's self-awareness
• Explain the development of self-concept in preschoolers
• Explain the development of a theory of mind in preschoolers
• Explain the false belief task and what it tells us about children's theory of mind

Lecture: Piaget

Lecture: Learning Language

Outcomes

• Explain Piaget's concepts of scheme, assimilation, and accommodation. Explain how they are related to each other
• Explain equilibrium and how disequilibrium can result in new ways of thinking
• Explain what is meant by exercising reflexes during the Piaget's sensorimotor period
• Define primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, and tertiary circular reactions. Explain how they differ from each other
• Explain what using symbols means and why it is an important achievement for cognitive development
• Describe how the three-mountains problem demonstrates egocentrism in preoperational children
• Describe animism in preoperational children
• Explain centration and how it limits a child’s thinking
• Describe how irreversibility of thought is demonstrated in the conservation of liquid task using two beakers filled with liquid
• Explain how preoperational children confuse appearance and reality
• Explain how language development is related to young children's performance on conservation problems
• Explain how Baillargeon's research involving possible events and impossible events conflicts with Piaget's description of the timing of object permanence
• Describe how young children develop naive theories about physics, psychology, and biology
• Describe the information-processing approach to human thinking. What constitutes a person's hardware and software?
• Describe what can be done to help young (and older) children pay attention to relevant information
• Explain the processes by which infants and young children learn
• Describe the three important features of infants’ memories that were found by Carolyn Rovee-Collier
• Describe autobiographical memory and how it originates in children
• Explain the three guidelines that should be followed to help improve the reliability of child witnesses
• Describe a young infant's ability to distinguish different numbers of objects
• List and describe the three counting principles that most children have mastered by age three
• Describe Vygotsky's zone of proximal development
• Describe how teachers use scaffolding to help the ones they are teaching
• Describe the process by which private speech becomes inner speech. What function does private speech serve?
• Define phonemes
• Describe how an infant's ability to discriminate speech sounds that are not found in her language environments change as she approaches her first birthday
• Define infant-directed speech and describe how the features of this type of speech might aid language development
• Define cooing
• Define babbling and describe how it changes
• List some early words that are found in young children's vocabularies
• Define referential and expressive language styles
• Explain why recognizing words as symbols is important for language development
• Define fast mapping
• List and define the three rules that children use to learn new words
• Define overextensions and underextensions
• Explain how parents' speech and television are related to children's language growth
• List and describe the three formulas children commonly use to guide their early word combinations
• Define telegraphic speech and grammatical morphemes and how they are related to each other
• Define overregularization and describe how children master irregular aspects of language
• Explain how biology, language experience, and psychological factors combine to influence language development
• List and describe the three key elements of effective oral communication
• Explain how taking turns changes in one-to three-year-olds
• Describe how preschoolers adjust their messages to listeners' different needs

Outcomes

• Describe Erikson's trust vs. mistrust crisis and explain why establishing trust is important for later development
• Describe Erikson's autonomy vs. shame and doubt crisis and explain how the resolution of this crisis is related to the development of will
• Describe how purpose comes from the resolution of initiative vs. guilt
• Explain the ethological view of attachment
• Describe the development of attachment from the ability to distinguish people from objects to full-blown attachment to a caregiver
• Contrast how mothers and fathers interact with their infants
• Explain the differences between secure attachment, avoidant attachment, resistant attachment, and disorganized/disoriented attachment
• Describe evidence that supports the view that secure attachment relationships are related to better social relationships later in childhood
• Describe how parental responsiveness and sensitivity are related to the quality of attachment
• Describe the effects of quality daycare for preschool children
• Describe the factors that one should look for when searching for quality daycare
• Describe the factors that increase the risk of an insecure attachment for infants of working parents
• List the basic emotions and describe the three elements of basic emotions
• Describe the development of the basic emotions, both positive and negative
• Describe stranger anxiety, why it is adaptive, and how it can be reduced
• Explain the complex emotions and what makes these emotions different from basic emotions
• Explain the development of recognizing emotions in others and social referencing
• Describe how play changes from about 15 months to about five years
• Explain how the ability to use symbols is related to make-believe play
• Explain how children with imaginary companions differ from those who do not have imaginary companions
• Explain how different play styles in boys and girls are related to children choosing same-sex playmates
• Describe how observing cooperative behavior and another child's response to cooperative behavior influence cooperative behavior
• Explain how parents influence children's play
• Describe the differences in cooperative behavior between Chinese children and Canadian children
• Describe how perspective-taking and empathy are related to altruistic behavior
• Describe the four contextual factors of feelings of responsibility, feelings of competence, mood, and costs of altruism that are related to altruistic behavior
• Explain how parents' use of reasoning in discipline, modeling altruistic behavior, and use of dispositional praise are related to children's altruistic behavior
• Define social roles
• Define gender stereotypes and describe how they influence one's beliefs
• Describe sex differences in verbal ability, mathematics, spatial ability, social influence, and aggression
• Describe the ways in which parents treat sons and daughters similarly and differently
• Describe how peers contribute to sex typing
• Define gender identity and explain how children develop gender identity
• Explain how gender identity influences one's perception of others and regulates one's own behavior
• Describe the development of gender stability and knowledge of sex-typed toys and activities
• Describe how gender schema influence what information one remembers or how accurately one remembers it
• Describe how having a gay or lesbian parent influences one's development
• Describe thought in concrete operational children
• Describe the types of jokes that children entering the concrete operational period would find funny
• Describe thinking in formal operational children and describe how their problem-solving approach differs from that of concrete operational children
• Describe the circumstances under which adolescents are most likely to use deductive reasoning
• Describe how working memory and long-term memory are related
• Explain what monitoring is and how it changes with age
• Explain how identifying the goals and choosing appropriate memory strategies work together to aid remembering
• Explain what psychometricians do
• Describe the hierarchical view of intelligence
• Explain what is meant by linguistic intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence, spatial intelligence, musical intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, personal intelligence, naturalistic intelligence, and existential intelligence
• Explain what is meant in Sternberg's triarchic theory by the contextual subtheory, the experiential subtheory, and the componential subtheory
• Explain why the first intelligence test was developed by Binet and Simon
• Explain the concept of mental age
• Describe how IQ scores are computed today
• Explain what is meant by the reliability and validity of a test
• Explain what is meant by culture-fair intelligence tests
• Describe the different patterns in intelligence test scores that are found for different racial and ethnic groups, and describe what these patterns mean for individuals within the groups
• Explain how twin studies provide evidence that heredity influences intelligence
• Describe the aspects of the environment that are related to higher levels of intelligence
• Describe the effects of intervention programs like the Carolina Abecedarian Project
• Describe the typical characteristics of gifted children
• List and describe the prerequisites of exceptional talent in children
• Define convergent and divergent thinking and explain the difference between the two
• Describe the types of home and school environments that nurture creativity in children
• Describe how mental retardation is determined
• Define organic mental retardation and familial retardation and explain how they differ
• Describe the typical living situations and functioning of profoundly and severely retarded individuals
• Describe the level of functioning of moderately retarded individuals
• Describe the level of functioning of mildly retarded individuals
• Describe what is meant by learning disability and describe some of the different types
• Describe the three symptoms of ADHD and describe the incidence of ADHD in boys and girls
• Describe two factors that seem to cause ADHD
• Describe the treatments for ADHD
• Explain the components necessary for reading
• Describe the factors related to reading comprehension
• Describe how writing ability develops
• Compare the difference found in math ability in Asian and American schoolchildren
• Describe how American schoolchildren compare to children in other industrialized countries, such as those found in Korea and Japan
• Explain what literacy means
• Describe the performance on prose tasks, document tasks, and quantitative tasks of the average high school graduate
• List and describe the characteristics of effective schools
• Describe the ways computers can be used in the classroom
• List and describe the characteristics of effective teachers

Outcomes

• Describe how the degree of parental warmth is related to outcomes for children
• Explain why moderate levels of parental control are best for children
• Explain why consistent enforcement of rules is important
• Define power assertion
• Describe time out and how it should be used
• Compare differences in parental warmth and control between parents in the United States, Taiwan, and Taiwanese immigrants to the United States
• Describe the authoritarian, authoritative, indulgent-permissive, and indifferent-uninvolved parental styles
• Describe how the various parental styles are related to children's developmental outcomes
• Explain how a child's behavior is related to parental style
• Describe how older children may react when a younger sibling is born
• Describe how the sibling relationship changes over the first few years of life
• Explain how gender, temperament, age, perceptions of parental treatment, and quality of relationships with parents are related to the quality of sibling relationships
• Explain the differences in parental expectations for and behavior with first-born and later-born children
• Describe the differences between first-born, later-born, and only children
• Describe the mother-child relationship just after two years, six years, and after a divorce
• Describe the effect of divorce on children and what causes these effects
• Describe joint custody and the effect of children living with same-sex parents
• Describe the effects of blended families when mothers have custody of boys and girls during pre-adolescence and adolescence
• Describe the effects associated with blended families when the father has custody and remarries
• Define physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, and neglect
• Describe the effects of child abuse for the children
• Describe cultural, parental, and child factors that are related to an increased likelihood of abuse
• Describe some things that can be done to reduce the risk of child abuse
• Describe the developmental changes in friendship according to Harry Stack Sullivan
• Describe why intimacy and loyalty are important in friendships among adolescents, in general, and adolescent girls in particular
• Explain how the source of social support changes from age 7 to age 14
• Describe the characteristics that friends usually have in common
• Explain the positive consequences associated with having friends
• Describe how the status of one's crowd is related to self-esteem
• Explain the three parental practices that are related to adolescents' crowd membership
• Describe factors that determine which children and adolescents will become leaders of their groups
• Explain the circumstances under which peer pressure is likely to be most influential
• Describe popular, rejected, controversial, average, and neglected children and the characteristics that are related to popularity and rejection
• Describe the consequences of being a rejected child
• Explain how parental behavior and disciplinary practices are related to a child's rejection by peers
• Describe how watching TV violence affects children
• Describe how television portrays women, minorities, and the elderly
• Explain how television influences children's sex-role stereotypes
• Describe the view that younger and older children have of television commercials
• Describe how effective TV commercials are in persuading young children to have their parents buy the advertised products
• Explain how TV viewing may influence prosocial behavior in children
• Describe the two factors that seem to restrict the actual impact of TV on prosocial behavior
• Describe the impact of excessive TV viewing on creativity in children
• Describe the impact of educational TV programs on children's cognitive development
• Explain how children's descriptions of others change from the preschool years to adolescence
• Describe Selman's stages of perspective taking
• Describe the development of prejudice

Lecture: The Memory System – Part 2

• Describe when the adolescent growth spurts begin and end for both boys and girls. Also, describe the physical events that occur during the growth spurt
• Describe the sequence of sexual maturation during puberty in boys and girls
• Describe how the secular growth trends have changed over the years and give the reasons for these changes
• Describe how the onset of puberty is influenced by one's genes and experiences
• Describe the costs and benefits of early maturation for boys and girls
• Explain the special nutritional needs of adolescents
• Describe how genes and environment interact to influence juvenile obesity
• Describe the consequences of being overweight as a child or adolescent
• Describe the most effective way to treat obesity in adolescence
• Explain how psychological, sociocultural, and familial influences are related to the development of anorexia and bulimia
• Describe the advantage of being physically active
• Explain the effects of participation in organized sports
• Explain the patterns of accidental death in adolescence
• Describe the improvements in cognitive processes that occur in adolescence
• Explain the limitation of adolescent cognitive processing
• Describe how moral reasoning differs at Kohlberg's preconventional, conventional, and postconventional levels
• Describe the research on Kohlberg's theory regarding progression through the stages, skipping stages, and regression through the stages
• Describe the research on the universality of the sequence of Kohlberg's stages
• Describe research on cultural differences in moral reasoning
• Explain the difference between Gilligan's view and Kohlberg's view of moral reasoning
• Describe Eisenberg’s view of moral development
• Explain the best way to promote moral reasoning in adolescents

Outcomes

• Describe the developmental crisis during adolescence of identity vs. role confusion proposed by Erik Erikson
• Define adolescent egocentrism, imaginary audience, and the personal fable
• Describe Marcia's four identity statuses – achievement, moratorium, foreclosure, and diffusion – and the likelihood of occurrence for each status change throughout adolescence
• Describe how the attainment of Marcia's four identity statuses in adolescents is related to their parents’ styles of parenting
• Describe the three phases of achieving ethnic identity
• Describe the ages that boys and girls begin dating and the progression of dating from group dates to well-defined couples
• Describe the ethnic differences in dating patterns in the United States
• Describe how peers' and parents' attitudes influence sexual activity in teens
• Describe how teenage pregnancy is related to poor outcomes for both the teenage mother and her child
• Explain why adolescents are particularly susceptible to contracting AIDS
• Describe the frequency with which most teens use contraception and the reasons that they give for not using contraceptive methods
• Describe the sex ed programs that seem to be the most effective in getting teens to either abstain from sex or to use contraception when they are sexually active
• Describe how biology might influence one's sexual orientation
• Explain the challenges faced by gay and lesbian youths
• Explain the factors that are related to date rape
• List and describe Super's three phases of vocational choice
• List and describe Holland's six personality prototypes and how they are related to vocational choice
• Describe the extent of part-time employment in teens and how part-time employment differs for teens in the United States vs. those in other industrialized countries
• Describe the three problems associated with part-time employment of teens during the school year in the United States
• Describe the trends in illicit drug use among teenagers in the United States
• List the reasons that teens give for drinking alcohol
• Describe how the attitudes and behavior of family and peers concerning drinking are related to teenage drinking
• Explain the gender and ethnic differences in causes of death in young adults
• Describe the negative health effects of smoking and second-hand smoke
• Describe the health benefits of quitting smoking
• Describe the possible causes and treatments of depression
• Name the warning signs of suicide
• Explain the two types of delinquent behavior described by Moffitt and the causes of each of these types of delinquency
• Describe the factors that are most likely to lead to successful treatment and prevention of juvenile delinquency
• Explain how one might teach adolescents social skills that help them avoid delinquent behavior
• Define role transitions and how they are related to age and feeling like an adult
• Describe rituals and indicators of adulthood that can be found in non-Western cultures
• Describe the changes in the age composition of college students in the United States
• Compare returning adult students to traditional-aged college students
• Describe the services designed to help students with learning disabilities make the transition from high school to college to the job world
• Explain how adolescents and adults differ in terms of engaging in reckless behavior
• Describe Erikson's psychosocial conflict of intimacy vs. isolation and explain how this conflict relates to achieving identity
• Describe the pattern of behavior for forming an identity and establishing intimacy in both men and women
• Describe physical functioning in young adults
• Describe sensory acuity during young adulthood
• Explain the general, overall health found in young adults in the United States
• Explain the gender and ethnic differences in health in young adults
• Describe the negative health effects of smoking and second-hand smoke
• Describe the health benefits of quitting smoking
• Describe the possible health benefits associated with moderate consumption of alcohol
• Describe binge drinking and the effects associated with alcohol addiction
• Describe the nutritional requirements and eating habits of young adults
• Explain how dietary fat intake and cholesterol levels are related to cardiovascular disease
• Describe the link between dietary fat and cancer
• Describe how income and level of education are linked to health in the United States
• Describe how men and women differ in health and health behaviors
• Explain ethnic differences in health
• Explain what is meant by multidimensional and multidirectional intelligence
• Explain what is meant by interindividual variability and plasticity in intelligence
• Define primary mental abilities
• Describe age differences and cohort differences in primary mental abilities
• List and describe the variables that are related to a reduced risk of cognitive aging
• Define secondary mental abilities
• Explain the difference between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence and explain how each changes with age
• Explain how adults' thinking differs from the formal operational thought that is seen in adolescents
• Describe how thought changes from the time one begins college to the time one graduates from college
• Define reflective judgment and describe the stages that lead to reflective judgment during young adulthood
• Describe the importance of emotion and logic throughout adolescence and adulthood
• Define lifespan. Construct and list the factors that lead to the development of one
• Define scenario and explain how it is related to a social clock
• Define life story and explain why distortions may occur in one's memory for autobiographical events
• Describe possible selves and explain how they motivate behavior
• Explain how concerns about possible selves change with age
• Describe the longitudinal research on self-concept across adulthood
• Explain evidence that supports the view that identity helps shape how we interpret life events
• Discuss personal control beliefs and explain how they may vary across different domains of one's life

Outcomes

• Explain how friendship and life satisfaction are related
• Describe the themes underlying adult friendships
• Describe the differences in men's and women's friendships
• Describe the advantages and disadvantages of cross-gender friendships
• Describe Sternberg's three components of love: passion, intimacy, and commitment
• Describe how different forms of love become dominant at different points during the course of a relationship
• Describe the aspects of love relationships that remain constant across different ages
• Describe the theory of assortative mating
• Describe the differences in how men and women fall in love, resolve conflict, and react to dissatisfaction in a relationship
• Explain the cross-cultural research on the effects of culture and gender on mate selection
• Describe how socialization influences which characteristics one finds desirable in a mate
• Describe the continuum of aggressive behaviors that occur in abusive relationships
• Explain how the causes of aggressive behavior change as the level of aggression changes
• Describe the situational factors that contribute to aggressive behavior in a relationship
• List the underlying causes of aggressive behavior for men
• Describe the two controversial causes of abusive behavior
• Describe the differences in how men and women view their aggressive behavior
• Explain the reasons that people remain in abusive relationships
• Describe how biological, social, and psychological forces interact
• Describe the factors that are related to the decision not to marry
• Describe the pattern of social relationships that is typical of singles, particularly single women
• Describe the characteristics of never-married people
• Explain how age and socioeconomic status are related to cohabitation
• Describe how men and women differ in terms of the degree of emotional commitment that is necessary before cohabiting
• Describe the effects that cohabiting may have on a later marriage
• Compare sexual expression and interpersonal relations in heterosexual couples with that of gay male and lesbian couples
• Describe how age at the time of first marriage is related to marital success
• Define homogamy and explain how it is related to marital success
• Define exchange theory and describe how it is related to marital success
• Describe the course of marital satisfaction
• Describe some of the adjustments that newly married couples must make
• Describe how level of education and pooling resources are related to marital satisfaction
• Explain how children affect marital satisfaction
• Describe husbands' and wives' marital satisfaction during midlife
• Describe the factors that are related to marital satisfaction in couples during the retirement years
• Explain the difference between a nuclear family and an extended family
• Describe the family life cycle model and its limitations
• Describe the factors that are related to the decision to have children
• Describe the advantages and disadvantages for couples who decide to remain childless
• Describe the advantages of being an older mother
• Compare the parental behavior of men who become fathers in their 20s to men who become fathers in their 30s
• Describe how most mothers and fathers feel about taking care of children
• Explain the feelings that are typical of most divorced single parents
• Describe the problems that single parents face
• Describe the issues foster parents, adoptive parents, and step parents face
• Compare the divorce rates in the United States to those found in other industrialized countries
• Explain how the divorce rate differs for various ethnic groups in the United States
• List the common reasons that men and women give for getting a divorce
• Explain how expectations about marriage influence the divorce rate
• Describe the different approaches states have adopted in response to the high divorce rate
• Describe the psychological effects of divorce on the divorced couple
• Describe the different effects of divorce for men and women
• Describe the effects of divorce for middle-aged and elderly adults
• Describe the typical situation for a divorced mother with young children
• Describe the contact that most divorced fathers have with their children
• Describe how parental divorce affects young adult children
• Explain how age affects the likelihood of remarriage for both men and women
• Explain how the relationships of remarried men and women change after remarriage
• Explain how age at the time of remarriage is related to the happiness of the marriage
• Explain the many benefits associated with work
• Define occupational priorities and describe how they differ for different cohorts of workers
• Describe how feelings about one’s college major and personality are related
• Describe the problems with Holland’s theory in the way it addresses gender differences, ethnic differences, and age changes across adulthood
• Describe Super’s implementation, establishment, maintenance, deceleration, and retirement phases of occupational development
• Describe how occupational expectations are related to forming a dream
• Describe different factors that are associated with modifying one’s dream
• Define reality shock and describe how it is related to occupational development and self-concept
• Describe how mentors are related to occupational success
• Explain the relation between generativity and mentoring
• Describe the problems that women have in establishing good mentor relationships
• Describe the factors that are related to increasing job satisfaction with age
• Describe the cycle of job satisfaction
• Describe the factors that are related to feelings of alienation on the job
• Describe the things that employers can do to prevent feelings of alienation in their workers
• Define burnout and describe the factors that are related to it
• Describe the three factors that may help avoid burnout
• Describe how the socialization of boys and girls is related to their later occupational behavior
• Describe the personal experiences that are related to women choosing nontraditional occupations
• Describe the personal feelings that women have about their performance in male-dominated occupations
• Describe how a woman’s occupation and her level of reported femininity are related
• Describe the career path that many women take during the 10 years after college graduation
• Describe the important family and work issues of women who are working part time and those who are working full time
• Explain how African American women prepare for nontraditional occupations
• Describe how occupational aspirations are related to ethnicity
• Describe how ethnicity seems to limit occupational development and advancement
• Describe how sex discrimination and the glass ceiling influence women’s occupational advancement
• Define pay discrimination and comparable worth and describe how they are related
• Describe the gender gap in perceptions of sexual harassment and explain how it is related to the reasonable woman standard
• Define age discrimination and describe many ways in which it occurs in the workplace
• Describe the benefits associated with occupational changes
• Describe the situations that make retraining necessary
• Describe the importance of retraining of employees to the employer
• Describe the effects of worrying about one’s job
• Describe the effects of losing one’s job, particularly for middle-aged men
• Describe how the effects of losing one’s job differ depending on when during the adult life cycle the loss occurs
• Describe how ethnicity influences the loss of one’s job and prospects for a new job
• Describe how attachment to one’s job influences why women return to work after having children
• Describe the effects on workers of caring for dependents
• Describe how supervisors’ attitudes are related to work-family conflicts
• Describe the effects of parental leave on mothers and fathers
• Explain how dual-worker couples divide household and childcare responsibilities
• Describe the division of household tasks that men find fair and that women find fair
• Describe how ethnicity influences the division of household tasks in dual-worker couples
• Describe how occupational and familial roles are related to each other
• Describe the factors that are related to the successful combination of family and occupational responsibilities in dual-worker couples
• Describe how work stress influences family life for both men and women
• Describe how preoccupations, interests, and activities are related
• Describe the many factors that influence leisure repertoires
• Explain what cross-sectional and longitudinal studies tell us about age differences in leisure activities
• Describe how leisure activities are related to a sense of positive well-being

Outcomes

• Explain the physical changes that cause wrinkles, gray hair, and middle-aged bulge
• Define osteoporosis and explain the three reasons why it is more common in women than in men
• Describe the physical changes that occur in women during the climacteric and menopause
• Describe the two primary sets of symptoms associated with climacteric and menopause
• Describe ethnic differences in the physical symptoms associated with menopause
• Describe the risks and benefits associated with hormone replacement therapy
• Describe changes in men's fertility with age
• Describe the changes that occur in men's sexual functioning with age
• Explain the changes in the prostate gland that occur with age
• Describe how control over one's job is related to stress
• Describe how reported stress differs by age and gender
• Describe the stress and coping paradigm
• Describe how stress is related to one's physical health
• Define Type A and Type B behavior patterns and explain how both are related to cardiovascular disease
• Describe how stress and psychological health are related
• Describe the physiological effects of exercise
• Describe the psychological effects of exercise
• Describe changes across adulthood in the reasons why people exercise
• Define practical intelligence and explain the three ways in which it differs from traditional measures of intelligence
• Explain the difference between optimally exercised and unexercised abilities and describe the developmental course of both
• Describe the links between practical intelligence and postformal thinking
• Describe the differences in the thinking of experts and novices and describe the developmental course of expert performance
• Define encapsulation and explain how it is related to the ability to explain how one arrives at a particular answer
• Explain why lifelong learning is becoming the norm
• Describe the four ways in which adult learners differ from younger learners
• Describe Costa and McCrae's five dimensions of personality: neuroticism, agreeableness, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and extroversion
• Describe the evidence that personality traits remain stable across adulthood
• Describe the criticisms of the five-factor model
• Explain generativity and stagnation and describe the continuity of generativity across adulthood
• Describe what generative people are like
• Describe how gender role identities change over the course of one's lifetime
• Explain how changes in self-descriptions of gender role are related to changes in behavior across adulthood
• Define midlife crisis and address whether or not the midlife crisis is universal
• Define ego resilience and describe the connection between ego resilience and midlife stress
• Describe the new role of kinkeeper that many middle-aged mothers assume
• Define what is meant by the sandwich generation
• Describe how the relationship between parents and children changes as the children move from adolescence to young adulthood
• Explain how most parents feel when they have an empty nest
• Describe the two most frequent complaints that middle-age parents have about their young adult children
• Describe how parents' evaluations of their children are related to their self-evaluations
• Explain the reasons why adult children return home and the effect on the parent-child relationship
• Describe the amount of contact that middle-aged children have with their aging parents
• Describe the gender difference in caring for aging parents
• Describe the two factors that contribute to negative feelings about caring for one's aging parents
• Describe the sources of caregiver stress and explain some of the psychological costs of caregiving and why the stress may be more difficult for women
• Describe the functions of grandparenting
• Describe the five dimensions of meaning that grandparents assign to their roles
• Describe ethnic differences in grandparenting
• Describe how the role of grandparent has changed in recent years

Lecture: Physical, Cognitive, and Mental Health Issues

Outcomes

• Describe how the shape of the population pyramid has changed since 1900
• Describe the impact that a large number of older adults, particularly those over age 80, will have on society
• Describe the composition of the older adult population in terms of gender, ethnicity, and education
• Describe how the population of third world countries is changing
• Describe how prepared the United States is for the financial strain of increased numbers of elderly
• Define the average life expectancy and describe the factors that have led to its increase
• Define useful life expectancy and maximum life expectancy
• Describe the genetic factors that are linked to life expectancy
• Describe the environmental factors that are related to life expectancy
• Describe ethnic differences in life expectancy
• Describe the wear-and-tear, cellular, metabolic, and programmed cell death theories of aging
• Define neurofibrillary tangles and describe why they are a problem
• Describe the changes in the dendrites that occur with aging
• Define neuritic plaques and explain why they are a problem
• Describe how and why the risk of cardiovascular disease changes with age
• Explain the causes and effects of cerebral vascular accidents
• Describe the cause and progression of vascular dementia
• Describe how cerebral vascular accidents and vascular dementia are diagnosed
• Describe how the respiratory system changes with age and define chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Describe the causes, symptoms, and treatments for Parkinson's disease
• Describe the changes that occur in the eye with age
• Define presbycusis and its causes
• Describe age-related changes in the sense of smell
• Describe the consequences of age-related changes in balance
• Describe the changes that one can make to one's home so that falls are less likely to occur
• Describe the sleep disturbances that are common in older adults and describe their possible causes
• Describe the nutritional needs of older adults
• Describe how the risk of getting cancer changes with age and explain the importance of early detection and screening
• Describe the age differences in selective attention
• Describe how age differences on divided attention tasks change as the tasks become more difficult
• Describe how psychomotor speed and its components change with age
• Describe how practice and experience influence psychomotor speed
• Describe the physical changes that affect driving
• Describe the age-related changes to working memory
• Describe the typical age differences in recall and recognition on laboratory memory tasks
• Describe the typical age differences in memory that one finds on real-world memory problems
• Describe how one's beliefs about one's memory affects memory ability
• Describe the two steps that someone should take when trying to determine if one is suffering from abnormal memory problems
• Explain the difference between explicit and implicit memory and internal and external memory aids and describe how the E-I-E-I-O framework combines these types of memory and memory aids
• Describe the changes in creativity as a function of age and discipline
• Describe the three cognitive processes that are involved in wisdom
• Describe the four characteristics of wisdom that Baltes and his colleagues have described
• Explain how life experiences and empathy are related to wisdom
• Describe the factors that seem to foster wisdom
• Describe how depression is diagnosed, particularly in older adults
• Describe the biological and psychosocial factors that may cause depression
• Describe the likelihood of becoming depressed at various ages
• Describe the effects and possible side effects of HCAs, MAO inhibitors and SSRIs when treating depression
• Describe how behavior therapy and cognitive therapy can be used to treat depression
• Describe the symptoms associated with anxiety disorders
• Describe how anxiety disorders are treated, particularly in older adults
• Describe the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease
• Describe the progression of Alzheimer's disease
• Describe how Alzheimer's disease is diagnosed
• Describe how accurate most spouses' descriptions are concerning the level of impairment found in their spouses
• Describe how the measurement of levels of amyloid may help in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's
• Describe the possible causes of Alzheimer's disease
• Describe how the drugs tacrine, thioridazine and haloperidol are used to alleviate the symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease
• Describe how spaced retrieval can be used to improve memory performance in Alzheimer's patients
• Describe interventions that help reduce the stress of caring for Alzheimer's patients

Outcomes

• Define continuity theory
• Define competence and environmental press and explain how they are related
• Define adaptation level, zone of maximum performance potential, and zone of maximum comfort
• Define proactivity and docility and describe how they are related to competence and environmental press
• Describe Erikson's crisis of integrity vs. despair and explain how the life review process is related to this crisis
• Describe the results of research on the relations between the life review process and achieving integrity
• Describe age differences in possible selves
• Define Ryff's six dimensions of well-being in adulthood: self-acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and personal growth
• Describe how older adults and younger adults view their past, present, and future selves
• Define spiritual support
• Describe age differences in relying on religion in times of stress
• Describe the importance of religion and the church in the lives of African Americans
• Describe the importance of religion in the lives of Mexican and Native Americans
• Describe how retirement is related to one's occupational identity
• Contrast a crisp and blurred retirement
• Describe how financial security and health are related to the decision to retire
• Describe the main factors that influence a woman's decision to retire
• Describe ethnic differences in the retirement process
• Describe the factors that are related to a successful adjustment to retirement
• Describe the three stereotypes about retirement and explain the research results that refute the stereotypes
• Describe how marital status is related to satisfaction during retirement for men and women
• Describe the impact of retirement on the marital relationship
• Describe the many community activities that are available to retirees
• Explain the reasons why retirees volunteer in the community
• Explain the reasons for an increased rate of volunteerism by retirees
• Describe how the size and amount of social support from friends is related to different generations
• Describe how number and quality of friendships is related to life satisfaction in older adults
• Describe the importance of friendships to older women, particularly widows
• Describe how older adults typically feel about old friends and making new friends
• Describe the five types of sibling relationships that are found among older adults: intimate, congenial, loyal, apathetic, and hostile
• Explain how sibling relationships with sisters differ from those with brothers
• Describe marital satisfaction in older couples
• Contrast the ways in which older married couples differ from middle-aged married couples
• Explain how spousal caregiving is related to marital satisfaction and the caregivers' emotional state
• Describe how feelings of competence affect spousal caregivers
• Describe who is most likely to be widowed and describe the typical length of widowhood
• Describe how widowhood affects other social relationships
• Describe the similarities and differences in how men and women react to widowhood
• Describe how remarried widows fare emotionally compared to widows who have not remarried
• Describe the typical characteristics of great-grandparents
• Describe the three important aspects of great-grandparenthood
• Define frail, older adults and describe how the proportion of these older adults changes with increasing age
• Define activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living
• Describe the prevalence of frailty and explain why the numbers of frail, older adults are increasing
• Define intermediate care and skilled nursing care
• Describe the typical nursing home resident and explain why these people are more likely to be in nursing homes
• Describe the factors that are important in determining if a nursing home is good or not
• Describe important things one should do when visiting someone in a nursing home
• Describe the problems associated with defining elder abuse and neglect
• Describe the prevalence of elder abuse and neglect
• Describe the two different views of elder abuse victims and perpetrators
• Describe the identifying characteristics of perpetrators of elder abuse
• Describe the changes Congress has made on the grounds of intergenerational fairness
• Describe the political activity of adults over the age of 65
• Describe how Social Security and Medicare are funded and the problems these programs face with the aging of the Baby Boomers

• Describe the sociocultural definitions of death
• Define clinical death and brain death
• Define persistent vegetative state
• Define bioethics, euthanasia and active euthanasia, and explain how they are related to each other
• Describe living wills and durable power of attorney and explain why they are important
• Define passive euthanasia
• Describe the bioethical issues that are related to euthanasia
• Describe the laws in the Netherlands that deal with assisted suicide
• Describe the influence of cognitive development on how young adults think about death
• Describe changes in death anxiety across the lifespan
• Describe Kübler-Ross's five stages of dying: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
• Explain the factors that influence one's progression through the stages of dying
• Describe the contextual approach to dying
• Explain how the causes of death and the process of dying differ for people of different ages
• Describe how the concerns of dying individuals change with age
• Explain the end-of-life issues
• Describe the hospice alternative and its goals
• Describe how one's culture influences one's expressions of mourning
• Explain how coping is related to the grieving process and list the things people must do in this process
• Describe the three misconceptions that people may have about the grief process
• Describe the differences in recovering from an expected death vs. an unexpected death and explain possible reasons for the differences
• Define grief work and anniversary reaction
• Describe the results of longitudinal research on older adults' grief work
• Describe the four component model and dual process model of coping with grief
• List the factors that distinguish normal grieving from traumatic grieving
• Describe common problems that are associated with traumatic grieving
• Describe young children's ideas about death, explain how those ideas change, and explain how this change is related to cognitive development
• Describe the best way of explaining death to children
• Describe adolescents' views of death and their concerns about death
• Describe young adults' feelings about death
• Explain how middle-aged people feel about death
• Describe how the death of a child affects parents and grandparents
• Describe the effects of the death of one's parents
• Describe older adults' feelings about death
• Describe the age differences in the negative effects of bereavement on young, middle-aged, and older adults
• Describe the feelings associated with the death of one's partner
• Describe the age differences in grieving for one's partner and explain the reasons for these differences
• Explain how social support affects grieving for one's partner
• Explain how the rating of one's marriage is related to depression during bereavement
• Describe how reactions to different types of losses may differ